Holy Universal Church and Communion of the Saints Clip Art

Early statement of Christian belief

Medieval Credo Apostolorum, dated c. 1300 (Bibliothèque Mazarine ms. 0924 f. 150v). The sequence of attribution to the apostles is: ane. Peter, 2. Andrew, 4. John, 3. James, son of Zebedee, v. Thomas, 6. James, son of Alphaeus, seven. Philip, viii. Bartholomew, nine. Matthew, ten. Simon the Zealot, 11. Jude Thaddaeus, 12. Matthias.

The Apostles' Creed (Latin: Symbolum Apostolorum or Symbolum Apostolicum), sometimes titled the Apostolic Creed or the Symbol of the Apostles, is a Christian creed or "symbol of faith".

The creed most likely originated in 5th-century Gaul as a evolution of the Erstwhile Roman Symbol, the old Latin creed of the fourth century. It has been in liturgical utilise in the Latin rite since the 8th century and, by extension, in the diverse mod branches of Western Christianity, including the modern liturgy and catechesis of the Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Presbyterianism, Moravianism, Methodism, and Congregational churches.

It is shorter than the full Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed adopted in 381, but information technology is even so explicitly trinitarian in structure, with sections affirming belief in God the Begetter, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit.^[ane] Information technology does not accost some Christological issues divers in the Nicene Creed. Information technology thus says nada explicitly most the divinity of either Jesus or the Holy Spirit. For this reason, it was held to predate the Nicene Creed in medieval Latin tradition.

The expression "Apostles' Creed" is first mentioned in a alphabetic character from the Synod of Milan dated AD 390, referring to a belief at the fourth dimension that each of the Twelve Apostles contributed an commodity to the twelve articles of the creed.^{[2] [3]}

History [edit]

The ecclesiastical use of Latin symbolum for "creed"—in the sense of "a distinctive mark of Christians", from the sense of Greek σύμβολον, "a sign or token used for identification"—beginning occurs around the eye of the 3rd century, in the correspondence of St. Cyprian and St. Firmilian, the latter in detail speaking of the trinitarian formula as the "Symbol of the Trinity", and recognizing it as an integral part of the rite of baptism.^[4] The term Symbolum Apostolicum appears for the first time in a letter, probably written by Ambrose, from a Quango in Milan to Pope Siricius in about Ad 390 "Allow them give credit to the Symbol of the Apostles, which the Roman Church has ever kept and preserved undefiled".^{[5] [6]} Ambrose's term is here referring to the Old Roman Creed, the immediate^{[ citation needed ]} predecessor of what is at present known as the Apostles' Creed.^{[seven] [8]} The narrative of this creed having been jointly created by the Apostles, with each of the twelve contributing one of twelve articles, was already current at that time.^[half-dozen]

This illumination from a 13th-century manuscript shows the apostles writing the Creed, receiving inspiration from the Holy Spirit.

The Old Roman Creed had evolved from simpler texts based on Matthew 28:19,^{[half dozen]} part of the Neat Commission, and it has been argued that this earlier text was already in written course by the tardily 2nd century (c. 180).^{[6] [9] [x]}

While the individual statements of belief that are included in the Apostles' Creed – even those not found in the Sometime Roman Symbol – are constitute in various writings by Irenaeus, Tertullian, Novatian, Marcellus, Rufinus, Ambrose, Augustine, Nicetas, and Eusebius Gallus,^[eleven] the earliest appearance of what we know as the Apostles' Creed was in the De singulis libris canonicis scarapsus (Excerpt from Individual Canonical Books) of St. Pirminius (Migne, Patrologia Latina 89, 1029 ff.), written betwixt 710 and 714.^[12] Bettenson and Maunder land that it is commencement from Dicta Abbatis Pirminii de singulis libris canonicis scarapsus (idem quod excarpsus, extract), c. 750.^[13]

The text of what is now known as the Apostles' Creed was about likely developed in southern Gaul around the midpoint of the fifth century.^[14] A creed that is virtually identical to the electric current i is recorded by Faustus of Riez. It is possible that Faustus had the identical text, as the original text written by Faustus cannot be reconstructed with certainty. A version that is identical to the current one with the single exception of infera in place of inferos is recorded in the late fifth century. However, the Old Roman Creed remained the standard liturgical text of the Roman Church throughout the fourth to 7th centuries. It was replaced by the "Gallic" version of the Apostles' Creed but in the later 8th century, under Charlemagne, who imposed it throughout his dominions.^{[fifteen] [6]}

The phrase descendit advertizing inferos ("he descended into hell") is not found in the Nicene Creed. It echoes Ephesians 4:9,^[16] "κατέβη εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς" ("he descended into the lower earthly regions").^[17] This phrase get-go appeared in ane of the 2 versions of Rufinus (d. 411), the Creed of Aquileia, so did non appear again in any version of the creed until AD 650.^[eighteen] Similarly, the references to the communion of saints is found neither in the Onetime Roman Symbol nor in the Nicene Creed. The reference to God equally "creator of heaven and earth" likewise is not in the Nicene Creed of 325, but it is present in the extended version of the Nicene Creed (the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed) of 381.

The Eastern Orthodox Church does not employ the Apostles' Creed, not considering of an objection to any of its articles, but because of its omissions necessary for the definition of Nicene Christianity. The Orthodox delegates at the Council of Florence (1431–1449) explicitly challenged the western tradition that attributed the Apostles' Creed to the Twelve Apostles. This tradition was too shown to be historically untenable by Lorenzo Valla.^[19] The Roman Church does not state that text dates back to the Apostles themselves, the Roman canon instead explaining that "the Apostles' Creed is so called because it is rightly considered to be a true-blue summary of the apostles' organized religion."^[xx]

Text [edit]

The following gives the original Latin text, with the traditional division into twelve articles,^{[21] [22]} aslope an English translation. Underlined passages are those not nowadays in the Old Roman Symbol as recorded by Tyrannius Rufinus.

one. Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae,	I believe in God the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth,
ii. et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum,	and in Jesus Christ, his merely Son, our Lord,
3. qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine,	who was conceived from the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary,
4. passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus,	who suffered nether Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried,
v. descendit advert inferos, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis,	descended into hell, rose again from the dead on the third day,
6. ascendit advertising caelos, sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis,	ascended into heaven and is seated at the correct manus of God the Father almighty,
vii. inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos.	who will come over again to judge the living and the expressionless.
8. Ideology in Spiritum Sanctum,	I believe in the Holy Spirit,
9. sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem,	the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints,
x. remissionem peccatorum,	the forgiveness of sins,
11. carnis resurrectionem,	the resurrection of the body,
12. vitam aeternam. Amen.[23]	and the life everlasting. Amen.

There is also a received Greek text, which aslope the Latin is institute in the Psalterium Græcum et Romanum, erroneously ascribed to Pope Gregory the Bully. It was first edited by Archbishop Ussher in 1647, based on a manuscript preserved in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. The Latin text agrees with the "Creed of Pirminius" edited by Charles Abel Heurtley (De Fide Symbolo, 1900, p. 71). Four other Greek translations with slight variations were discovered by Carl Paul Caspari, and published in 1879 (Alte und neue Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols, vol. 3, pp. eleven sqq.).^[24]

The tradition of assigning each commodity to one of the apostles specifically can be traced to the sixth century. In Western sacral art, Ideology Apostolorum refers to the figurative representation of the twelve apostles each aslope i of the articles. This artistic tradition extends from the high medieval to the Bizarre period.

The precise partition of the text and the sequence of attribution to the apostles has never been entirely fixed. For example, Pelbartus Ladislaus of Temesvár, writing in the belatedly 15th century, divides commodity 5 in 2 but combines articles 11 and 12 into ane, with the post-obit attributions:

• 1. Peter,
• ii. John,
• 3. James, son of Zebedee,
• iv. Andrew,
• 5a. Philip,
• 5b. Thomas,
• 6. Bartholomew,
• 7. Matthew,
• viii. James, son of Alphaeus,
• 9. Simon the Zealot,
• 10. Jude Thaddaeus,
• xi–12. Matthias.^[25]

Liturgical employ in Western Christianity [edit]

The Apostles' Creed is used in its direct form or in interrogative forms by Western Christian communities in several of their liturgical rites, in particular those of baptism and the Eucharist.

Rite of baptism [edit]

The Apostles' Creed, whose nowadays form is like to the baptismal creed used in Rome in the 3rd and fourth centuries, really adult from questions addressed to those seeking baptism.^[26] The Cosmic Church building still today uses an interrogative form of it in the Rite of Baptism (for both children and adults). In the official English translation (ICEL, 1974) the government minister of baptism asks:

Do you believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth?
Exercise you believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, who was built-in of the Virgin Mary, was crucified, died, and was buried, rose from the dead, and is now seated at the right mitt of the Father?
Do yous believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy cosmic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the torso, and life everlasting?

To each question, the catechumen, or, in the case of an baby, the parents and sponsor(south) (godparent(southward)) in his or her place, answers "I do." And then the celebrant says:

This is our faith. This is the organized religion of the Church building. We are proud to profess it, in Christ Jesus our Lord.

And all answer: Amen.

The Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand uses the Apostles' Creed in its baptism rite in spite of the reservations of some of its members regarding the phrase "born of the virgin Mary".^[27]

The Episcopal Church in the U.s. of America uses the Apostles' Creed as part of a Baptismal Covenant for those who are to receive the Rite of Baptism. The Apostles' Creed is recited by candidates, sponsors and congregation, each department of the Creed being an respond to the celebrant's question, "Practise you believe in God the Father (God the Son, God the Holy Spirit)?"^[28] It is too used in an interrogative form at the Easter Vigil in The Renewal of Baptismal Vows.^[29]

The Church building of England besides asks the candidates, sponsors and congregation to recite the Apostles' Creed in answer to like interrogations, in which it avoids using the discussion "God" of the Son and the Holy Spirit, asking instead: "Do y'all believe and trust in his Son Jesus Christ?", and "Do you believe and trust in the Holy Spirit?" Moreover, "where there are strong pastoral reasons", it allows use of an alternative formula in which the interrogations, while speaking of "God the Son" and "God the Holy Spirit", are more elaborate but are not based on the Apostles' Creed, and the response in each case is: "I believe and trust in him."^[thirty] The Book of Common Prayer may also be used, which in its rite of baptism has the minister recite the Apostles' Creed in interrogative form. request the godparents or, in the case "of such as are of Riper Years", the candidate: "Dost g believe in God the Male parent ..." The response is: "All this I stedfastly believe."^[31]

Lutherans post-obit the Lutheran Service Volume (Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Lutheran Church building–Canada), like Catholics and Anglicans, use the Apostles' Creed during the Sacrament of Baptism:

Do you believe in God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and globe?
Practice you lot believe in Jesus Christ, His only son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, built-in of the virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried; He descended into hell; the third solar day He rose over again from the dead; He ascended into heaven and sits at the right mitt of God the Male parent Almighty; from thence He will come to gauge the living and the dead?
Practice you believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy Christian Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the torso, and the life everlasting?

Following each question, the candidate answers: "Yes, I believe". If the candidates are unable to answer for themselves, the sponsors are to answer the questions.^[32]

For ELCA (Evangelical Lutheran Church building in America) Lutherans who use the Evangelical Lutheran Worship book, the Apostles' Creed appears during the Sacrament of Holy Baptism Rite on p. 229 of the hardcover pew edition.

The United Methodist Church in the United States uses the Apostles' Creed equally part of their baptismal rites in the class of an interrogatory addressed to the candidate(s) for baptism and the whole congregation as a way of professing the organized religion within the context of the Church building's sacramental act. For infants, information technology is the professing of the faith by the parents, sponsors, and congregation on behalf of the candidate(s); for confirmands, it is the professing of the religion before and amid the congregation. For the congregation, information technology is a reaffirmation of their professed faith.

Do you believe in God?
I believe in God, the Father Almighty, creator of heaven and world.
Do y'all believe in Jesus Christ?
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was cached; he descended to the expressionless. On the third day he rose again; he ascended into heaven, is seated at the right paw of the Father, and will come again to judge the living and the expressionless.
Exercise you believe in the Holy Spirit?
I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy cosmic church building, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the trunk, and the life everlasting.^[33]

Eucharistic rite [edit]

Since the 2002 edition, the Apostles' Creed is included in the Roman Missal equally an alternative, with the indication, "Instead of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, especially during Lent and Easter time, the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed, may be used."^[34] Previously the Nicene Creed was the but profession of religion that the Missal gave for employ at Mass, except in Masses for children; merely in some countries use of the Apostles' Creed was already permitted.

Liturgy of the Hours [edit]

The Apostles' Creed is used in Anglican services of Matins and Evening Prayer (Evensong). It is invoked after the recitation or singing of the Canticles, and is the only part of the services in which the congregation traditionally turns to face up the altar, if they are seated transversely in the quire.

The Episcopal Church building (United States) uses the Apostles' Creed in Forenoon Prayer and Evening Prayer.^[35]

Before the 1955 simplification of the rubrics of the Roman Breviary past Pope Pius XII, the Apostles' Creed was recited at the starting time of matins and prime, at the end of compline, and in some preces (a series of versicles and responses preceded past , eleison ("Lord, take mercy") and the Our Father) of prime and compline^[36] on certain days during Advent and Lent.

Liturgical English translations [edit]

Ecumenical (interdenominational) versions [edit]

15th-century Flemish tapestry illustrating the starting time iv manufactures of the Creed

International Consultation on English Texts [edit]

The International Consultation on English language Texts (ICET), a first inter-church ecumenical grouping that undertook the writing of texts for use past English-speaking Christians in common, published Prayers We Have in Common (Fortress Press, 1970, 1971, 1975). Its version of the Apostles' Creed was adopted by several churches.^{[37] [38]}

I believe in God, the Male parent almighty,
creator of heaven and earth.
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord.
He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit
and born of the virgin Mary.
He suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.
He descended to the dead.
On the tertiary day he rose once again.
He ascended into heaven,
and is seated at the correct hand of the Begetter.
He will come once more to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of the saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting. Amen.

English Language Liturgical Consultation [edit]

The English Linguistic communication Liturgical Consultation (ELLC), a successor body to the International Consultation on English Texts (ICET), published in 1988 a revised translation of the Apostles' Creed. It avoided the word "his" in relation to God and spoke of Jesus Christ as "God'southward simply Son" instead of "his only Son". In the fourth line, it replaced the personal pronoun "he" with the relative "who", and inverse the punctuation, so as no longer to present the Creed every bit a series of separate statements. In the same line it removed the words "the ability of". It explained its rationale for making these changes and for preserving other controverted expressions in the 1988 publication Praying Together, with which it presented its new version:^[39]

I believe in God, the Father almighty,
creator of heaven and globe.
I believe in Jesus Christ, God'due south only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived past the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was cached;
he descended to the dead.
On the third day he rose once more;
he ascended into heaven,
he is seated at the right mitt of the Father,
and he will come to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the torso,
and the life everlasting. Amen.

Roman Catholic Church [edit]

The initial (1970) English official translation of the Roman Missal of the Roman Catholic Church adopted the ICET version, as did catechetical texts such every bit the Catechism of the Cosmic Church.^{[37] [38]}

In 2008 the Catholic Church published a new English translation of the texts of the Mass of the Roman Rite, utilize of which came into strength at the end of 2011. It included the following translation of the Apostles' Creed:^{[40] [41]}

I believe in God,
the Father almighty,
Creator of heaven and earth,
and in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered nether Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died and was buried;
he descended into hell;
on the third day he rose once again from the dead;
he ascended into heaven,
and is seated at the right hand of God the Father almighty;
from there he will come to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and life everlasting.
Amen.

Church of England [edit]

In the Church building of England there are currently two authorized forms of the creed: that of the Book of Common Prayer (1662) and that of Common Worship (2000).

Book of Mutual Prayer , 1662[42] [43] [44] I believe in God the Male parent Almighty, Maker of heaven and globe: And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord, Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost,[a] Born of the Virgin Mary, Suffered nether Pontius Pilate, Was crucified, dead, and buried: He descended into hell; The third day he rose once again from the dead; He ascended into heaven, And sitteth on the right hand of God the Begetter Almighty; From thence he shall come to estimate the quick and the dead. I believe in the Holy Ghost; The holy Catholick Church; The Communion of Saints; The Forgiveness of sins; The Resurrection of the body, And the Life everlasting. Amen.

Common Worship [48] I believe in God, the Begetter almighty, creator of heaven and world. I believe in Jesus Christ, his but Son, our Lord, who was conceived past the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered nether Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; he descended to the dead. On the third day he rose again; he ascended into heaven, he is seated at the right hand of the Father, he will come to gauge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy cosmic Church building, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Amen.

Lutheran Church [edit]

Evangelical Lutheran Worship [edit]

The publication Evangelical Lutheran Worship published by Augsburg Fortress, is the main worship resources for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran denomination in the United states, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada. It presents the official ELCA version, footnoting the phrase "he descended to the dead" to indicate an alternative reading: "or 'he descended into hell', another translation of this text in widespread use".

The text is every bit follows:^[49]

I believe in God, the Father omnipotent,
creator of heaven and earth.

I believe in Jesus Christ, God's simply Son, our Lord,
who was conceived past the Holy Spirit,
born of the virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended to the dead.*
On the third solar day he rose again;
he ascended into heaven,
he is seated at the right hand of the Father,
and he will come to judge the living and the dead.

I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic church building,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the torso,
and the life everlasting. Amen.

Church building of Denmark [edit]

The Church of Denmark still uses the phrase "We renounce the devil and all his doings and all his beings" as the beginning of this creed, before the line "Nosotros believe in God etc." This is by and large due to the influence of the Danish pastor Grundtvig. See Den apostolske trosbekendelse [de].

United Methodist Church building [edit]

The United Methodists in the The states normally comprise the Apostles' Creed into their worship services. The version which is nearly oft used is located at No. 881 in the United Methodist Hymnal, one of their almost popular hymnals and 1 with a heritage to brothers John Wesley and Charles Wesley, founders of Methodism.^{[50] [51]} It is notable for omitting the line "he descended into hell", but is otherwise very similar to the Book of Common Prayer version. The 1989 Hymnal has both the traditional version and the 1988 ecumenical version,^[52] which includes "he descended to the dead".

The Apostles' Creed as found in The Methodist Hymnal of 1939 also omits the line "he descended..."^[53] The Methodist Hymnal of 1966 has the same version of the creed, just with a note at the bottom of the page stating, "Traditional utilise of this creed includes these words: 'He descended into hell.'"^[54]

Yet, when the Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in the United States in 1784, John Wesley sent the new American Church a Sunday Service which included the phrase "he descended into hell" in the text of The Apostles' Creed.^[55] It is clear that Wesley intended American Methodists to use the phrase in the recitation of the Creed.

The United Methodist Hymnal of 1989 also contains (at #882) what it terms the "Ecumenical Version" of this creed which is the ecumenically accepted modern translation of the International Committee on English Texts (1975) as amended by the subsequent successor body, the English Linguistic communication Liturgical Consultation (1987).^[56] This form of the Apostles' Creed can be found incorporated into the Eucharistic and Baptismal Liturgies in the Hymnal and in The United Methodist Book of Worship, and hence it is growing in popularity and use. The word "catholic" is intentionally left lowercase in the sense that the word catholic applies to the universal and ecumenical Christian church.

I believe in God the Father Almighty,
maker of heaven and world;

And in Jesus Christ, his just Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered nether Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended to the dead.
On the tertiary day he rose again;
he ascended into heaven,
is seated at the right mitt of the Father,
and will come up again to judge the living and the expressionless.

I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic church building,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body
and the life everlasting. Amen.^[57]

Musical settings [edit]

Musical settings of the Symbolum Apostolorum as a motet are rare. The French composer Le Brung published ane Latin setting in 1540, and the Spanish composer Fernando de las Infantas published two in 1578.

Martin Luther wrote the hymn "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" (translated into English every bit "We all believe in one God") in 1524 as a paraphrase of the Apostles' Creed.

In 1957, William P. Latham wrote "Credo (Metrical Version of the Campaigner'south Creed)" in an SATB arrangement suitable for boys' and men's voices.

In 1979 John Michael Talbot, a Tertiary Social club Franciscan, composed and recorded "Creed" on his album, The Lord'southward Supper.^[58]

In 1986 Graham Kendrick published the pop "We believe in God the Father", closely based on the Apostles' Creed.

The song "Creed" on Petra's 1990 album Beyond Conventionalities is loosely based on the Apostles' Creed.^[59]

GIA Publications published a hymn text in 1991 direct based on the Apostles' Creed, called "I Believe in God Omnipotent". It has been sung to hymn tunes from Wales, kingdom of the netherlands, and Ireland.^[60]

Rich Mullins and Beaker also composed a musical setting titled "Creed", released on Mullins' 1993 album A Liturgy, a Legacy, & a Ragamuffin Band.^[61] Notably, Mullins' version replaces "one holy catholic church" with "one holy church building".

Integrity Music under the Hosanna! Music series, produced a live worship audio-visual album in 1993, Exist Magnified,^[62] which featured Randy Rothwell as worship leader, had an upbeat enthusiastic hymn called "The Campaigner'southward Creed", written by Randy Rothwell Burbank.

In 2014 Hillsong released a version of the Apostles' Creed under the title "This I Believe (The Creed)" on their album No Other Name.

Keith & Kristyn Getty released an expression of the Apostles' Creed under the title "Nosotros Believe (Apostle's Creed)" on their 2016 album Facing a Task Unfinished.

See also [edit]

• Chalcedonian Creed
• I, Holy, Catholic, and Churchly Church
• Passion of Jesus
• Virgin birth of Jesus

Notes [edit]

1. ^
   In a suggested revision of 1923, this line has "of the Holy Ghost".^[45] The Scottish Book of Mutual Prayer (1637) has "which was conceived of the holy Ghost".^[46] This goes back to the 1559 Volume of Common Prayer, which has "whiche was conceived of the holy Ghost".^[47]
   

References [edit]

1. ^ Bayes, Jonathan F. (September nine, 2010). The Apostles' Creed: Truth with Passion. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN978-ane-60899-539-4.
2. ^ Rogers, Jack (1985), Presbyterian Creeds, Westminster John Knox Press, pp. 62–63, ISBN978-0-66425496-4 .
3. ^ Orr, James. "The Apostles' Creed". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Reformed. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved May nineteen, 2011.
4. ^ Thurston, Herbert. The Apostles' Creed in the Cosmic Encyclopedia, editions of 1907. Catholic Encyclopedia (year 1913), Vol.i. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. .
5. ^ Ambrose of Milan. "Letter 42:v". Tertullian.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
6. ^ ^{a b c d eastward} "Apostles' Creed", Dictionary of the Christian Church building, Oxford University Printing, 2005, p. ninety, ISBN978-0192802903 .
7. ^ Twenty-four hours, Gardiner Mumford (1963), The Apostles' Creed: an interpretation for today, Scribner, p. 33 .
8. ^ McGiffert, Arthur Cushman (2008), The Apostles' Creed: Its Origin, Its Purpose, and Its Historical Interpretation, p. 42, ISBN978-0559851995 .
9. ^ Bettenson, Henry, ed. (1963), Documents of the Christian Church building (2d ed.), London, p. 23 .
10. ^ Lynch, Joseph (1992), The Medieval Church, London and New York: Longman, p. seven .
11. ^ Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes, vol. II. The History of Creeds, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, July thirteen, 2005, retrieved May xix, 2011
12. ^ Kelly, JND (1972), Early Christian Creeds (third ed.), London: Longman, Light-green & Co, pp. 398–434 .
13. ^ Bettenson, Henry; Maunder, Chris (1999), Documents of the Christian Church (3 ed.), New York: Oxford University Printing, p. 26 .
14. ^ "Origin of the Creed", Catholic Encyclopedia, New advent .
15. ^ Clemens Blume, Das Apostolische Glaubensbekenntniß (1893), 186f.
16. ^ Ephesians 4:9
17. ^ Trillhaas, Wolfgang, "Creeds, Lutheran Attitude Toward", in Bodensieck, Julius (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church building, vol. A–E, Minneapolis: Augsburg, p. 629 .
18. ^ Grudem, Wayne A (2004), Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine, Leicester, England; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Inter-Varsity Printing; Zondervan, p. 586 . Cf. Rufinus, "Commentary on the Apostles' Creed", newadvent.org , retrieved October 1, 2016
19. ^ Dorothea Sattler. "Apostolisches Glaubensbekenntnis. I. Dogmen- und Theologiegeschichte". In: Walter Kasper (ed.). Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche. tertiary ed., vol. i, Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1993, c. 878f.
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Further reading [edit]

• Cannata, Raymond F.; Reitano, Joshua D. (2013), Rooted: The Apostles' Creed, Oro Valley, AZ: Doulos Resources, ISBN978-1-937063-92-4
• Deharbe, Joseph (1912). "First Article of the Apostle'south Creed". A Complete Catechism of the Cosmic Religion. Translated past Rev. John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.
• Lochman, Jan Milič (1999), "Apostles' Creed", in Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Christianity, vol. 1, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, pp. 109–10, ISBN0-8028-2413-7
• Rufinus (1885). "Commentary on the Apostles' Creed". Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Book III. T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh.
• Thurston, Herbert (1907). "Apostles' Creed". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Cosmic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• "Role I. On the Twelve Articles of the Creed.". The canon of the Quango of Trent. Translated by James Donovan. Lucas Brothers. 1829.

External links [edit]

•  Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Symbolum Apostolicum*
• "Sound recordings and texts of the Apostle'due south Creed and other Christian prayers". (with text and approximative transliteration to Latin alphabet)
• "St. Thomas Aquinas on the Apostle'south Creed". Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2019.

English translations [edit]

• The total text of Apostles' Creed at Wikisource

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed

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